Have you ever thought about why we look the way we do? What makes some people’s hair curly and others’ straight? Why is some people’s skin dark and others’ light? These are some of the questions we asked Ms. Susan Franz , an anthropologist, who talked to us about people and their characteristics.
– Ms. Franz , why do people around the world look so different?
– Well, think about the countries we live in. They differ greatly in terrain, temperature, altitude and vegetation. Yet, people have managed to make homes almost everywhere: barren, rocky mountain tops, icy, freezing plains, wet marshes, scorching deserts. The people living in these different places have slowly become very different from each other. Their skin colour, the shape and size of their bodies and their characteristics have evolved over the years to suit their surroundings.
– Can you give us some examples?
– Of course. A good example is skin colour. Scientists think that dark skins – which are rich in a substance called melanin – offer good protection against the burning rays of the sun. Very dark, curly hair also offers good insulation from the sun and heat. In northern countries,
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where the rays of the sun are weaker, people don’t need dark skin. Their pale complexion allows the skin to absorb the sun’s rays easily in order to make vitamin D.
– Facial characteristics are also very different. Why?
– Well, the key word here again is ‘adaptation’. In extremely cold weather, ears and noses are often the first parts of the body to suffer from frostbite. That’s why people who live in very cold temperatures have facial characteristics that help them survive the harsh weather. Their faces are flat, and their noses are also small and flat. They also have an extra layer of fat in their eyelids which gives them slanted eyes.
– That’s very interesting! What about body size and height?
– Well, again scientists have found that people who live in hot, dry climates are often tall and thin. This lean type of body helps heat escape more quickly. People from cold regions, on the other hand, tend to have more sturdy bodies, covered by a layer of protective fat.
– So, if we move to a northern country, will our skin become pale?
— Of course not! People’s bodies have slowly changed over thousands of years. Who knows what we will look like ten thousand years from now!...
Adapted from: “People and Places” Childcraft, World Book International
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